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xega - Extended Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms

Implementation of a scalable, highly configurable, and e(x)tended architecture for (e)volutionary and (g)enetic (a)lgorithms. Multiple representations (binary, real-coded, permutation, and derivation-tree), a rich collection of genetic operators, as well as an extended processing pipeline are provided for genetic algorithms (Goldberg, D. E. (1989, ISBN:0-201-15767-5)), differential evolution (Price, Kenneth V., Storn, Rainer M. and Lampinen, Jouni A. (2005) <doi:10.1007/3-540-31306-0>), simulated annealing (Aarts, E., and Korst, J. (1989, ISBN:0-471-92146-7)), grammar-based genetic programming (Geyer-Schulz (1997, ISBN:978-3-7908-0830-X)), grammatical evolution (Ryan, C., O'Neill, M., and Collins, J. J. (2018) <doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78717-6>), and grammatical differential evolution (O'Neill, M. and Brabazon, A. (2006) in Arabinia, H. (2006, ISBN:978-193-241596-3). All algorithms reuse basic adaptive mechanisms for performance optimization. For the architecture, see Geyer-Schulz, A. (2025) <doi:10.5445/IR/1000187255>. Sequential or parallel execution with master-slave pattern (on multi-core machines, local clusters, and high-performance computing environments) is available for all algorithms. See <https://github.com/ageyerschulz/xega/tree/main/examples/executionModel>. Homogeneous and heterogeneous island models with asynchronous and synchronous communication and configurable communication topology as well as migration strategy are supported. See <https://github.com/ageyerschulz/xega/tree/main/examples/IslandModels>.

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4.57 score 4 stars 67 scripts 314 downloads

xegaSelectGene - Selection of Genes and Gene Representation Independent Functions

This collection of gene representation-independent mechanisms for evolutionary and genetic algorithms for the R-package 'xega' <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xega> contains four groups of functions: First, functions for selecting a gene in a population of genes according to its fitness value and for adaptive scaling of the fitness values as well as for performance optimization and measurement offer several variants for implementing the survival of the fittest. Second, evaluation functions for deterministic functions avoid recomputation. Evaluation of stochastic functions incrementally improve the estimation of the mean and variance of fitness values at almost no additional cost. Evaluation functions for gene repair handle error-correcting decoders. Third, timing and counting functions for profiling the algorithm pipeline are provided to assess bottlenecks in the algorithms. Fourth, a small collection of problem environments for function optimization, combinatorial optimization, and grammar-based genetic programming and grammatical evolution is provided for tutorial examples. For 'xega''s architecture, see Geyer-Schulz, A. (2025) <doi:10.5445/IR/1000187255>. The methods in the package are described by the following references: Baker, James E. (1987, ISBN:978-08058-0158-8), De Jong, Kenneth A. (1975) <https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/4507>, Geyer-Schulz, Andreas (1997, ISBN:978-3-7908-0830-X), Grefenstette, John J. (1987, ISBN:978-08058-0158-8), Grefenstette, John J. and Baker, James E. (1989, ISBN:1-55860-066-3), Holland, John (1975, ISBN:0-472-08460-7), Lau, H. T. (1986) <doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61649-5>, Price, Kenneth V., Storn, Rainer M. and Lampinen, Jouni A. (2005) <doi:10.1007/3-540-31306-0>, Reynolds, J. C. (1993) <doi:10.1007/BF01019459>, Schaffer, J. David (1989, ISBN:1-55860-066-3), Wenstop, Fred (1980) <doi:10.1016/0165-0114(80)90031-7>, Whitley, Darrell (1989, ISBN:1-55860-066-3), Wickham, Hadley (2019, ISBN:978-815384571).

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4.49 score 8 dependents 43 scripts 260 downloads

xegaGaGene - Binary Gene Operations for Genetic Algorithms

Representation-dependent gene level operations of a genetic algorithm with binary coded genes for the R-package 'xega' <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xega>: Initialization of random binary genes, several gene maps for binary genes, several mutation operators, several crossover operators with 1 and 2 kids, replication pipelines for 1 and 2 kids, and, last but not least, function factories for configuration. See Goldberg, D. E. (1989, ISBN:0-201-15767-5). For crossover operators, see Syswerda, G. (1989, ISBN:1-55860-066-3), Spears, W. and De Jong, K. (1991, ISBN:1-55860-208-9). For mutation operators, see Stanhope, S. A. and Daida, J. M. (1996, ISBN:0-18-201-031-7). For 'xega''s architecture, see Geyer-Schulz, A. (2025) <doi:10.5445/IR/1000187255>.

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3.86 score 3 dependents 27 scripts 310 downloads

xegaPopulation - Genetic Population Level Functions

This collection of gene representation-independent functions implements the population layer of extended evolutionary and genetic algorithms and its support for the R-package 'xega' <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xega>. The population layer consists of functions for initializing, logging, observing, evaluating a population of genes, as well as of computing the next population. For parallel evaluation of a population of genes 4 execution models - named Sequential, MultiCore, FutureApply, and Cluster - are provided. They are implemented by configuring the lapply() function. The execution model FutureApply can be externally configured as recommended by Bengtsson (2021) <doi:10.32614/RJ-2021-048>. Configurable acceptance rules and cooling schedules (see Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D. J, and Vecchi, M. P. (1983) <doi:10.1126/science.220.4598.671>, and Aarts, E., and Korst, J. (1989, ISBN:0-471-92146-7) offer simulated annealing or greedy randomized approximate search procedure elements. Adaptive crossover and mutation rates depending on population statistics generalize the approach of Stanhope, S. A. and Daida, J. M. (1996, ISBN:0-18-201-031-7). For 'xega''s architecture, see Geyer-Schulz, A. (2025) <doi:10.5445/IR/1000187255>.

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3.83 score 2 dependents 16 scripts 292 downloads

xegaMigration - 'Xega' Island Models

Implements asynchronous message-passing communication protocols for island models of extended and evolutionary algorithms (see Tomassini, Marco (2005, ISBN:978-3-540-24193-5)) for the R-package 'xega' <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xega>. Basic asynchronous as well as synchronized communication primitives are supplied based on file I/O operations ('rds') on a shared file system or by 'openMPI' (MPI) messages. The gene selection and replacement strategies, the migration policy as well as the communication topology between islands are configurable. Homogeneous and heterogeneous island algorithms are supported. For examples (R and shell-scripts), see <https://github.com/ageyerschulz/xega/tree/main/examples/IslandModels>.

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3.43 score 1 dependents 221 downloads

xegaBNF - Compile a Backus-Naur Form Specification into an R Grammar Object

Translates a BNF (Backus-Naur Form) specification of a context-free language into an R grammar object which consists of the start symbol, the symbol table, the production table, and a short production table. The short production table is non-recursive. The grammar object contains the file name from which it was generated (without a path). In addition, it provides functions to determine the type of a symbol (isTerminal() and isNonterminal()) and functions to access the production table (rules() and derives()). For the BNF specification, see Backus, John et al. (1962) "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60". (ALGOL60 standards page <http://www.algol60.org/2standards.htm>, html-edition <https://www.masswerk.at/algol60/report.htm>) A preprocessor for macros which expand to standard BNF is included. The grammar compiler is an extension of the APL2 implementation in Geyer-Schulz, Andreas (1997, ISBN:978-3-7908-0830-X).

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3.38 score 4 dependents 20 scripts 394 downloads

xegaDfGene - Gene Operations for Real-Coded Genes

Representation-dependent gene-level operations for genetic and evolutionary algorithms with real-coded genes used in the R-package 'xega' <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xega> are collected in this package. The common feature of the gene operations is that all of them are useful for derivation-free optimization algorithms. At the moment the package implements initialization, mutation, crossover, and replication operations for differential evolution as described in Price, Kenneth V., Storn, Rainer M. and Lampinen, Jouni A. (2005) <doi:10.1007/3-540-31306-0>. In addition, several (more recent) methods for determining the scale factor are provided. For 'xega''s architecture, see Geyer-Schulz, A. (2025) <doi:10.5445/IR/1000187255>.

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3.26 score 1 dependents 15 scripts 284 downloads

xegaDerivationTrees - Generating and Manipulating Derivation Trees

Derivation tree operations are needed for implementing grammar-based genetic programming and grammatical evolution: Generating a random derivation trees of a context-free grammar of bounded depth, decoding a derivation tree, choosing a random node in a derivation tree, extracting a tree whose root is a specified node, and inserting a subtree into a derivation tree at a specified node. These operations are necessary for the initialization and for decoders of a random population of programs, as well as for implementing crossover and mutation operators. Depth-bounds are guaranteed by switching to a grammar without recursive production rules. For executing the examples, the package 'BNF' is needed. The basic tree operations for generating, extracting, and inserting derivation trees as well as the conditions for guaranteeing complete derivation trees have been presented in Geyer-Schulz (1997, ISBN:978-3-7908-0830-X). The use of random integer vectors for the generation of derivation trees has been introduced in Ryan, C., Collins, J. J., and O'Neill, M. (1998) <doi:10.1007/BFb0055930> for grammatical evolution.

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2.95 score 3 dependents 4 scripts 282 downloads

xegaGpGene - Genetic Operations for Grammar-Based Genetic Programming

An implementation of the representation-dependent gene level operations of grammar-based genetic programming with genes which are derivation trees of a context-free grammar: Initialization of a gene with a complete random derivation tree, decoding of a derivation tree. Crossover is implemented by exchanging subtrees. Depth-bounds for the minimal and the maximal depth of the roots of the subtrees exchanged by crossover can be set. Mutation is implemented by replacing a subtree by a random subtree. The depth of the random subtree and the insertion node are configurable. For details, see Geyer-Schulz (1997, ISBN:978-3-7908-0830-X).

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2.65 score 1 stars 1 dependents 15 scripts 365 downloads

xegaPermGene - Operations on Permutation Genes

An implementation of representation-dependent gene level operations for genetic algorithms with genes representing permutations: Initialization of genes, mutation, and crossover. The crossover operation provided is position-based crossover (Syswerda, G., Chap. 21 in Davis, L. (1991, ISBN:0-442-00173-8). For mutation, several variants are included: Order-based mutation (Syswerda, G., Chap. 21 in Davis, L. (1991, ISBN:0-442-00173-8), randomized Lin-Kernighan heuristics (Croes, G. A. (1958) <doi:10.1287/opre.6.6.791> and Lin, S. and Kernighan. B. W. (1973) <doi:10.1287/opre.21.2.498>), and randomized greedy operators. A random mix operator for mutation selects a mutation variant randomly.

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2.48 score 1 dependents 6 scripts 278 downloads

xegaGeGene - Grammatical Evolution

Grammatical evolution (see O'Neil, M. and Ryan, C. (2003,ISBN:1-4020-7444-1)) uses decoders to convert linear (binary or integer genes) into programs. In addition, automatic determination of codon precision with a limited rule choice bias is provided. For a recent survey of grammatical evolution, see Ryan, C., O'Neill, M., and Collins, J. J. (2018) <doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78717-6>.

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2.48 score 1 stars 1 dependents 3 scripts 366 downloads